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$1 TG-SSSI measurements of fundamental and SHG STOVs. (a) Top: Intensity profile ${I_S}({x,\tau})$ I S ( x , τ ) of fundamental $l = + 1$ l = + 1 STOV; bottom: spatiotemporal phase ${\Delta}{{\Phi}}({x,\tau})$ Δ Φ ( x , τ ) showing one ${{2}}\pi$ 2 π winding. (b) Top: SHG output pulse $I_S^{2\omega}({x,\tau})$ I S 2 ω ( x , τ ) showing two donut holes embedded in pulse; bottom: spatiotemporal phase profile ${\Delta}{{{\Phi}}^{2\omega}}({x,\tau})$ Δ Φ 2 ω ( x , τ ) showing two ${{2}}\pi$ 2 π windings. Phase traces are blanked in regions of negligible intensity, where phase extraction fails. These images represent 500 shot averages: the extracted phase shift from each spectral interferogram is extracted, then the fringes of each frame (shot) are aligned and averaged, and then the phase map is extracted [23].$ Source: S. W. Hancock, S. Zahedpour, H. M. Milchberg, "Second-harmonic generation of spatiotemporal optical vortices and conservation of orbital angular momentum," Optica 8(5) 594-597 (2021); https://www.osapublishing.org/optica/abstract.cfm?URI=optica-8-5-594 Caption: TG-SSSI measurements of fundamental and SHG STOVs. (a) Top: Intensity profile ${I_S}({x,\tau})$ I S ( x , τ ) of fundamental $l = + 1$ l = + 1 STOV; bottom: spatiotemporal phase ${\Delta}{{\Phi}}({x,\tau})$ Δ Φ ( x , τ ) showing one ${{2}}\pi$ 2 π winding. (b) Top: SHG output pulse $I_S^{2\omega}({x,\tau})$ I S 2 ω ( x , τ ) showing two donut holes embedded in pulse; bottom: spatiotemporal phase profile ${\Delta}{{{\Phi}}^{2\omega}}({x,\tau})$ Δ Φ 2 ω ( x , τ ) showing two ${{2}}\pi$ 2 π windings. Phase traces are blanked in regions of negligible intensity, where phase extraction fails. These images represent 500 shot averages: the extracted phase shift from each spectral interferogram is extracted, then the fringes of each frame (shot) are aligned and averaged, and then the phase map is extracted [23].	$2 Simulated wide-field FDCD images and chiral SIM images of chiral filaments with different dissymmetry factors controlled by the multiplication factor m. (a-c) Deconvolved wide-field FDCD images with $m$ m = 1, 10, and 100, respectively. (d-f) Reconstructed chiral SIM images with $m$ m = 1, 10, and 100, respectively. In this demonstration, $\Delta t$ Δ t = 1 s and ${I_0}$ I 0 = 50 W/cm2. The color bar indicates the value of the normalized differential fluorescence. Scale bar: 2 μm. The yellow arrows mark an area, which shows resolution improvement in chiral SIM images.$ Source: Shiang-Yu Huang, Ankit Kumar Singh, Jer-Shing Huang, "Signal and noise analysis for chiral structured illumination microscopy," Opt. Express 29(15) 23056-23072 (2021); https://www.osapublishing.org/oe/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-29-15-23056 Caption: Simulated wide-field FDCD images and chiral SIM images of chiral filaments with different dissymmetry factors controlled by the multiplication factor m. (a-c) Deconvolved wide-field FDCD images with $m$ m = 1, 10, and 100, respectively. (d-f) Reconstructed chiral SIM images with $m$ m = 1, 10, and 100, respectively. In this demonstration, $\Delta t$ Δ t = 1 s and ${I_0}$ I 0 = 50 W/cm2. The color bar indicates the value of the normalized differential fluorescence. Scale bar: 2 μm. The yellow arrows mark an area, which shows resolution improvement in chiral SIM images.	$3 Preprocessed DLHM holograms after normalizing (a) with $I_0^2({\vec r})$ I 0 2 ( r → ) and (b) with $I_0^3({\vec r})$ I 0 3 ( r → ). Intensity reconstructions for (c) the $I_0^2({\vec r})$ I 0 2 ( r → ) normalization and (d) the $I_0^3({\vec r})$ I 0 3 ( r → ) normalization. A loss in the diffraction efficiency of the resulting DLHM holograms is found.$ Source: Heberley Tobon, Carlos Trujillo, Jorge Garcia-Sucerquia, "Preprocessing in digital lensless holographic microscopy for intensity reconstructions with enhanced contrast," Appl. Opt. 60(4) A215-A221 (2020); https://www.osapublishing.org/ao/abstract.cfm?URI=ao-60-4-A215 Caption: Preprocessed DLHM holograms after normalizing (a) with $I_0^2({\vec r})$ I 0 2 ( r → ) and (b) with $I_0^3({\vec r})$ I 0 3 ( r → ). Intensity reconstructions for (c) the $I_0^2({\vec r})$ I 0 2 ( r → ) normalization and (d) the $I_0^3({\vec r})$ I 0 3 ( r → ) normalization. A loss in the diffraction efficiency of the resulting DLHM holograms is found.	$4 Effect of coherence on the intensity distribution of a propagating laser beam from a digital degenerate cavity laser. (a) Intensity distribution with an incoherent laser light beam at ${z} = {0}\;{\rm mm}$ z = 0 m m and ${z} = {12.5}\;{\rm mm}$ z = 12.5 m m (with no intracavity aperture). (b) Intensity distribution of a more coherent laser light beam at ${z} = {0}\;{\rm mm}$ z = 0 m m and ${z} = {12.5}\;{\rm mm}$ z = 12.5 m m (with a 4 mm diameter far-field aperture).$ Source: Chene Tradonsky, Simon Mahler, Gaodi Cai, Vishwa Pal, Ronen Chriki, Asher A. Friesem, Nir Davidson, "High-resolution digital spatial control of a highly multimode laser," Optica 8(6) 880-884 (2021); https://www.osapublishing.org/optica/abstract.cfm?URI=optica-8-6-880 Caption: Effect of coherence on the intensity distribution of a propagating laser beam from a digital degenerate cavity laser. (a) Intensity distribution with an incoherent laser light beam at ${z} = {0}\;{\rm mm}$ z = 0 m m and ${z} = {12.5}\;{\rm mm}$ z = 12.5 m m (with no intracavity aperture). (b) Intensity distribution of a more coherent laser light beam at ${z} = {0}\;{\rm mm}$ z = 0 m m and ${z} = {12.5}\;{\rm mm}$ z = 12.5 m m (with a 4 mm diameter far-field aperture).
Source: Quhui Wang, Haizhu Wang, Bin Zhang, Xu Wang, Weichao Liu, Jiabin Wang, Jiao Wang, Jie Fan, Yonggang Zou, Xiaohui Ma, "Integrated fabrication of a high strain InGaAs/GaAs quantum well structure under variable temperature and improvement of properties using MOCVD technology," Opt. Mater. Express 11(8) 2378-2388 (2021); https://www.osapublishing.org/ome/abstract.cfm?URI=ome-11-8-2378 Caption: Schematic model of adatoms bonding selection on a new step; the red spheres are adatoms, the gray spheres are underneath terrace, and the blue spheres are initial step and initial island.	$6 Ballistic expansion, coupling, and interference of two polariton condensates. Recorded (a) and (d) real-space and (b) and (e) far-field PL of two condensates with separation distances ${d_{12}} = 12.7\;{\unicode{x00B5}\text{m}}$ d 12 = 12.7 µ m and ${d_{12}} = 89.3\;{\unicode{x00B5}\text{m}}$ d 12 = 89.3 µ m . Corresponding far-field interference patterns after masking of the emission in real space to block all emission outside the $2\;{\unicode{x00B5}\text{m}}$ 2 µ m FWHM of each condensate node are shown in (c) and (f). (g) Distance dependence of the integrated complex coherence factor $\|{\tilde\mu_{12}}\|$ \| μ ~ 12 \| , while keeping the excitation pump power constant at $P = 1.2{P_{\text{thr}}}$ P = 1.2 P thr , where ${P_{\text{thr}}}$ P thr is the measured threshold pump power at a distance of ${d_{12}} = 12.7\;{\unicode{x00B5}\text{m}}$ d 12 = 12.7 µ m . Blue circles correspond to experimental data and orange squares to GPE simulations. Red curve is a Gaussian fit [Eq. (2)] to the experimental data points. Inset shows the pump power dependence of the coherence between two condensates separated at ${d_{12}} = 12.7\;{\unicode{x00B5}\text{m}}$ d 12 = 12.7 µ m . False color scale in (f) applies to (b)–(c) and (e)–(f) in linear scale and to (a) and (d) in logarithmic scale saturated below ${10^{- 4}}$ 10 − 4 of the maximum count rate. Scale bars in (a) and (d) and (b)–(c) and (e)–(f) correspond to $10\;{\unicode{x00B5}\text{m}}$ 10 µ m and $1\;{{\unicode{x00B5}\text{m}}^{- 1}}$ 1 µ m − 1 , respectively.$ Source: J. D. Töpfer, I. Chatzopoulos, H. Sigurdsson, T. Cookson, Y. G. Rubo, P. G. Lagoudakis, "Engineering spatial coherence in lattices of polariton condensates," Optica 8(1) 106-113 (2021); https://www.osapublishing.org/optica/abstract.cfm?URI=optica-8-1-106 Caption: Ballistic expansion, coupling, and interference of two polariton condensates. Recorded (a) and (d) real-space and (b) and (e) far-field PL of two condensates with separation distances ${d_{12}} = 12.7\;{\unicode{x00B5}\text{m}}$ d 12 = 12.7 µ m and ${d_{12}} = 89.3\;{\unicode{x00B5}\text{m}}$ d 12 = 89.3 µ m . Corresponding far-field interference patterns after masking of the emission in real space to block all emission outside the $2\;{\unicode{x00B5}\text{m}}$ 2 µ m FWHM of each condensate node are shown in (c) and (f). (g) Distance dependence of the integrated complex coherence factor $\|{\tilde\mu_{12}}\|$ \| μ ~ 12 \| , while keeping the excitation pump power constant at $P = 1.2{P_{\text{thr}}}$ P = 1.2 P thr , where ${P_{\text{thr}}}$ P thr is the measured threshold pump power at a distance of ${d_{12}} = 12.7\;{\unicode{x00B5}\text{m}}$ d 12 = 12.7 µ m . Blue circles correspond to experimental data and orange squares to GPE simulations. Red curve is a Gaussian fit [Eq. (2)] to the experimental data points. Inset shows the pump power dependence of the coherence between two condensates separated at ${d_{12}} = 12.7\;{\unicode{x00B5}\text{m}}$ d 12 = 12.7 µ m . False color scale in (f) applies to (b)–(c) and (e)–(f) in linear scale and to (a) and (d) in logarithmic scale saturated below ${10^{- 4}}$ 10 − 4 of the maximum count rate. Scale bars in (a) and (d) and (b)–(c) and (e)–(f) correspond to $10\;{\unicode{x00B5}\text{m}}$ 10 µ m and $1\;{{\unicode{x00B5}\text{m}}^{- 1}}$ 1 µ m − 1 , respectively.	$7 Three-dimensional data set recorded in one monochromator scan and corrected for spaceenergy coupling. The microstructured sample, a group of three thin-film ${{\rm{VO}}_2}$ V O 2 squares with an edge length of 30 µm, is imaged along one dimension (here, $y$ y). Spatially resolved x-ray emission is recorded in-parallel ($x,y$ x , y plane), while the incident energy ($z$ z axis) is scanned. Shown are projections of the 3D data onto each plane, representing traditional RIXS maps (incident versus emitted energies) on the $x,z$ x , z plane, spatial maps of absorption spectra in the $y,z$ y , z plane, and spatial maps of emission spectra in the $x,y$ x , y plane. Isolines and surfaces for a relative intensity of 70% are shown, respectively, as a black line on the projection planes and in a pseudo-3D representation.$ Source: Jan O. Schunck, Florian Döring, Benedikt Rösner, Jens Buck, Robin Y. Engel, Piter S. Miedema, Sanjoy K. Mahatha, Moritz Hoesch, Adrian Petraru, Hermann Kohlstedt, Christian Schüssler-Langeheine, Kai Rossnagel, Christian David, Martin Beye, "Soft x-ray imaging spectroscopy with micrometer resolution," Optica 8(2) 156-160 (2021); https://www.osapublishing.org/optica/abstract.cfm?URI=optica-8-2-156 Caption: Three-dimensional data set recorded in one monochromator scan and corrected for spaceenergy coupling. The microstructured sample, a group of three thin-film ${{\rm{VO}}_2}$ V O 2 squares with an edge length of 30 µm, is imaged along one dimension (here, $y$ y). Spatially resolved x-ray emission is recorded in-parallel ($x,y$ x , y plane), while the incident energy ($z$ z axis) is scanned. Shown are projections of the 3D data onto each plane, representing traditional RIXS maps (incident versus emitted energies) on the $x,z$ x , z plane, spatial maps of absorption spectra in the $y,z$ y , z plane, and spatial maps of emission spectra in the $x,y$ x , y plane. Isolines and surfaces for a relative intensity of 70% are shown, respectively, as a black line on the projection planes and in a pseudo-3D representation.	Source: Vadim P. Veiko, Yaroslava Andreeva, Luong Van Cuong, Daria Lutoshina, Dmitry Polyakov, Dmitry Sinev, Vladimir Mikhailovskii, Yury R. Kolobov, Galina Odintsova, "Laser paintbrush as a tool for modern art," Optica () 577-585 (2000); https://www.osapublishing.org//abstract.cfm?URI=---577 Caption:
$9 A system of nanospheres each with the radius $a^{(t)}$ a ( t ) , which are distributed arbitrarily in the space and illuminated by a plane wave with the wave number $k$ k .$ Source: Mohammad Ali Shameli, Sayyed Reza Mirnaziry, Leila Yousefi, "Distributed silicon nanoparticles: an efficient light trapping platform toward ultrathin-film photovoltaics," Opt. Express 29(18) 28037-28053 (2021); https://www.osapublishing.org/oe/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-29-18-28037 Caption: A system of nanospheres each with the radius $a^{(t)}$ a ( t ) , which are distributed arbitrarily in the space and illuminated by a plane wave with the wave number $k$ k .	Source: Nicholas Horvath, Matthew Davies, "Advancing lightweight mirror design: a paradigm shift in mirror preforms by utilizing design for additive manufacturing," Appl. Opt. 60(3) 681-696 (2021); https://www.osapublishing.org/ao/abstract.cfm?URI=ao-60-3-681 Caption: Residual maps from polishing the lattice backed mirror. The locations of each map: (a) 12 o’clock, (b) 3 o’clock, (c) 6 o’clock, and (d) center. The peripheral samples (a)–(c) are at the same radial distance, which is equal to the mounting radial distance.	$11 (a), (b) Measured surface profiles (10 mm full scale in $x$ x and $y$ y) for two characteristic TIF spots from series B (using ${r_t} = {{50}}\;{\rm{mm}}$ r t = 50 m m , ${r_i} = {{50}}\;{\rm{mm}}$ r i = 50 m m ; ${d_t} = {{150}}\;{\rm{\unicode{x00B5}{\rm m}}}$ d t = 150 µ m ; ${R_t} = {{250}}\;{\rm{rpm}}$ R t = 250 r p m ; ${\alpha _{\textit{ts}}} = {0.5}^\circ$ α ts = 0.5 ∘ ; $t = {{30}}\;{\rm{s}}$ t = 30 s ) with (a) ${\alpha _{t0}} = {1.1}^\circ$ α t 0 = 1.1 ∘ , which has a peak-to-valley (PV) height of 0.63 µm, and (b) ${\alpha _{t0}} = {3.9}^\circ$ α t 0 = 3.9 ∘ , which has a ${\rm{PV}} = {0.92}\;{\rm{\unicode{x00B5}{\rm m}}}$ P V = 0.92 µ m . (c), (d) Corresponding calculated time averaged velocities, ${V_r}$ V r (over a 10 mm square aperture); $z$ z axes are in units of m/s. (e), (f) Corresponding effective hydrodynamic pressure distribution (${\sigma _h}$ σ h ) calculated using Eq. (20); $z$ z axes are in units of MPa.$ Source: T. Suratwala, J. Menapace, R. Steele, L. Wong, G. Tham, N. Ray, B. Bauman, M. Gregory, T. Hordin, "Mechanisms influencing and prediction of tool influence function spots during hemispherical sub-aperture tool polishing on fused silica," Appl. Opt. 60(1) 201-214 (2020); https://www.osapublishing.org/ao/abstract.cfm?URI=ao-60-1-201 Caption: (a), (b) Measured surface profiles (10 mm full scale in $x$ x and $y$ y) for two characteristic TIF spots from series B (using ${r_t} = {{50}}\;{\rm{mm}}$ r t = 50 m m , ${r_i} = {{50}}\;{\rm{mm}}$ r i = 50 m m ; ${d_t} = {{150}}\;{\rm{\unicode{x00B5}{\rm m}}}$ d t = 150 µ m ; ${R_t} = {{250}}\;{\rm{rpm}}$ R t = 250 r p m ; ${\alpha _{\textit{ts}}} = {0.5}^\circ$ α ts = 0.5 ∘ ; $t = {{30}}\;{\rm{s}}$ t = 30 s ) with (a) ${\alpha _{t0}} = {1.1}^\circ$ α t 0 = 1.1 ∘ , which has a peak-to-valley (PV) height of 0.63 µm, and (b) ${\alpha _{t0}} = {3.9}^\circ$ α t 0 = 3.9 ∘ , which has a ${\rm{PV}} = {0.92}\;{\rm{\unicode{x00B5}{\rm m}}}$ P V = 0.92 µ m . (c), (d) Corresponding calculated time averaged velocities, ${V_r}$ V r (over a 10 mm square aperture); $z$ z axes are in units of m/s. (e), (f) Corresponding effective hydrodynamic pressure distribution (${\sigma _h}$ σ h ) calculated using Eq. (20); $z$ z axes are in units of MPa.	$12 Spatiotemporal HBT effect under different values of (a)-(h) $\sigma _{\textrm {I}}$ σ I , (i)-(p) $\sigma _{\textrm {cs}}$ σ cs with (a)-(d), (i)-(l) $q_{12}$ q 12 = 0 and (e)-(h), (m)-(p) $q_{12}$ q 12 = 0.0001 cm $^{-1}$ − 1 . Other parameters are $\sigma _{\textrm {I}}$ σ I = 2 cm, $\sigma _{\textrm {cs}}$ σ cs = 0.1 cm, $\sigma _{\textrm {t}}$ σ t = 10 ps, $\sigma _{\textrm {ct}}$ σ ct = 10 ps, $z$ z = 1000 m and $q_{14}$ q 14 = $q_{12}/10$ q 12 / 10 .$ Source: Adeel Abbas, Li-Gang Wang, "Hanbury Brown and Twiss effect in the spatiotemporal domain II: the effect of spatiotemporal coupling," OSA Continuum 4(8) 2221-2231 (2021); https://www.osapublishing.org/osac/abstract.cfm?URI=osac-4-8-2221 Caption: Spatiotemporal HBT effect under different values of (a)-(h) $\sigma _{\textrm {I}}$ σ I , (i)-(p) $\sigma _{\textrm {cs}}$ σ cs with (a)-(d), (i)-(l) $q_{12}$ q 12 = 0 and (e)-(h), (m)-(p) $q_{12}$ q 12 = 0.0001 cm $^{-1}$ − 1 . Other parameters are $\sigma _{\textrm {I}}$ σ I = 2 cm, $\sigma _{\textrm {cs}}$ σ cs = 0.1 cm, $\sigma _{\textrm {t}}$ σ t = 10 ps, $\sigma _{\textrm {ct}}$ σ ct = 10 ps, $z$ z = 1000 m and $q_{14}$ q 14 = $q_{12}/10$ q 12 / 10 .