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1 Decomposition of natural images into Fourier components. (a) All images can be expressed as a sum of 2D Fourier basis functions [e.g., (b)] by taking the sum over all values in (c) the basis-scaled image.
2 Ghost imaging: coincidence measurements of two beams of entangled photons—one of which interacts with an object and one of which doesn’t—can be used to reconstruct a “ghost” image of the object.
3 Source images used in the experiment. Upper, L-R: cosine, cosine2, curls. Lower, L-R: eye, nose, palm. Each image was presented at a size of two degrees of visual angle square.
4 Liquid-crystal SLMs allow unprecedented control in the generation and detection of structured light fields. (a) Long exposure image of laser light diffracted from the pixelated device. (b) CCD camera image showing the various diffraction orders. Efficiencies are typically in the 60%–85% range.
5 WFDI-based phase profile of a cardiomyocyte during a single beating cycle, 40 × . White horizontal scale bar represents 10 µm. Vertical color bar is in radians. Dynamics, 120 fps for 1 sec: Media 3.
6 Sketch of a microroll that can be fabricated by rolling up strained layers. The tube wall represents a three- dimensional metamaterial consisting of a metal–semiconductor superlattice containing quantum wells and metal gratings.
7 Examples of buccal squamous epithelial cells found on prepared specimen slides. (a) Representative transmission image of two overlapping cells and (d) the corresponding spatially resolved map Σ(x, y) calculated by PWS. (b) Example of a folded isolated cell and (e) the corresponding map of Σ. (c) Isolated, non-folded cell classified as “suitable” for our study and (f) the corresponding Σ(x, y).
8 (a) Schematic of chalcogenide–silica all-solid bandgap fiber. Red: chalcogenide strands. (b) Scanning electron micrograph of endface of a chalcogenide–silica bandgap fiber (core diameter 7.6   μm , pitch 3.8   μm , hole diameter 1.45   μm ) polished by focused-ion-beam milling.
9 Phase distribution of the diffraction pattern observed at z ∕ L = 2.0 , caused by a finite-radius SPP with fractional topological charge α = 2.5 . We can see the chain of unit strength vortices on the + x axis.
10 Fundamental mode transverse electric field intensity (Et2) distributions at 1.45 μm (upper figures) and 1.75 μm (lower figures) wavelengths, for nearly zero-dispersion flattened PCFs with Λ=2.3  μm and d=0.61  μm for (a) α=0° and β=0°, (b) α=30° and β=0°, (c) α=0° and β=30°, (d) α=0° and β=0°, (e) α=30° and β=0°, and (f) α=0° and β=30°.
11 Comparison of quantitative phase maps with fluorescent assays during an optoinjection experiment: a) phase map and b) propidium iodide fluorescence (optoinjection assay) 5 min after irradiation ; c) phase map and d) Calcein AM fluorescence (viability assay) after 90 min incubation. Two cells were successfully optoinjected - one proved viable (solid arrow) while the other (dashed arrow) was necrotic after 90 min. Note the significant decrease in the optical thickness of the non-viable cell. Scale bars 20 μm.
12 Experimental results using the proposed method: some typical 3-D geometries of the human face mask in wireframe mode.
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